Oakland covers 56 square miles of land, and roughly a third of it rises into the East Bay hills while the rest sits on flat ground beside the bay. Hillside plantings and bayside moisture bring quite different pests to each part of town.
Oakland is the county seat of Alameda County and counted 440,646 residents in the 2020 census. The city covers 78 square miles including water, and its average elevation is only 43 feet. Grizzly Peak Boulevard in the hills climbs to just over 1,760 feet, so one city holds both flat bayfront and steep canyon streets.
Lake Merritt, an urban estuary near downtown, has been a protected wildlife refuge since 1870. About 13,000 homes went up in the early 1920s, and many downtown buildings from that decade still stand. The 1991 Oakland Hills firestorm destroyed nearly 4,000 homes, and newer houses and old lots now sit side by side. Hillside greenery, the lake and the bay all keep pests supplied with cover and water.